Electricity, light energy and wind energy are in many ways closely linked to one source, which is the atom.

①Current
Electric current originates from the flow of free electrons in the material. In atoms, the electrons located in the valence electron layer are less attracted by the nucleus. When these electrons have gained enough energy, they can easily get rid of the bondage of the orbital and become free electrons. In Figure 1, an electron from one atom knocks an electron in another atom out of the orbit, and the electron that has been knocked out of the orbit becomes a free electron.

When an electron leaves its valence electron layer and gains “free”, it can hit another electron and hit the valence electron layer. The first electron usually fills the “holes” left by the second electron. This process continues from one atom to another, allowing different electrons to be “free.” The free electrons flowing in the wire always try to go to the power supply terminal that lacks electrons—that is, flow from the negative pole of the power supply to the positive pole of the power supply through an external circuit. For example, electrons flow from the negative electrode of the battery through a circuit back to the positive electrode of the battery. This movement of electrons in the wire is the current (see Figure 2).

② Law of conservation of electric charge
It can be seen from Figure 3 that charged objects attract or repel each other. This effect stems from the law of charge, that is, charges of opposite sex attract each other and similar charges repel each other. Electrons are negatively charged. When a piece of material has excess electrons, there is a net negative charge; when a piece of material lacks electrons, there is a net positive charge. A material with a net negative charge is more “negative” than a material with a net positive charge.

Now take a look at the power supply in Figure 2. Power sources such as batteries have positive and negative terminals, the negative terminal has excess electrons, and the positive terminal lacks electrons. Therefore, when an electric bulb is connected to the battery terminal, the electrons in the wire are pushed out (repelled) by the negative electrode (-), and pulled (attracted) by the positive electrode (+), so that the electrons flow through the bulb and point them. Bright. Note that both the positive and negative electrodes have electrons, but the left terminal has more electrons than the right end, so the left end is “negative” than the right end. The right terminal has fewer electrons, so it is “positive” than the left terminal.

③Electrical materials
According to the number of free electrons contained, the materials used in the electrical field can be divided into three categories:
(1) Conductor A material that contains a large amount of free electrons, which can make the current flow smoothly. Copper and aluminum are common conductors.
(2) Nano edge body: A material that contains a very small amount of free electrons and does not allow current to pass. Plastic and rubber are common insulators.
(3) The number of free electrons in semiconductor materials is less than that of conductors, but more than that of insulators. Silicon and germanium are common semiconductor materials that can be used to make transistors and photovoltaic cells.

④Crystal material
The element table shown in Figure 4 lists the characteristics of individual atoms, but atoms can be combined with each other to form different structures by sharing electricity. For example, atoms can be combined into a solid, pure material. Take silicon as the side. Each independent silicon atom has 14 electrons, 4 of which are located in the valence electron layer. Under certain conditions, silicon atoms will also combine with each other, so that each atom’s valence electron layer has 8 electrons. This structure is called a crystal. Figure 5 clearly shows this structure.

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Figure 5 Silicon atoms form crystals by sharing electrons

After combining, the central atom has 8 electrons in its outer layer, 4 of which belong to the central atom, and the remaining 4 electrons are shared with other atoms. In the same way, surrounding atoms can also share electrons with other atoms in a similar way to become the central atom. In the end, silicon atoms share electrons with other atoms to form pure solid silicon crystals. Manufacturing this crystal is the first step in the production of transistors and photovoltaic cells.

⑤The characteristics of light
Photovoltaic cells are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy. In the 17th century, Sir Isaac Newton proposed a theory that light is composed of tiny particles. According to this theory, a beam of light is formed by a strand of particles. Around the same time, the Dutch scientist Christian Huygens proved through experiments that light is an energy wave, the form of which resembles the ripples of water caused by throwing stones into a pond. In the early 20th century, German scientist Max Planck’s research showed that the theory of light particles is correct. He improved this theory and believed that different colors of light have different energy packets. These energy packets are called quantum or photon, which is the basic unit of light energy. Photon is a basic unit commonly used to describe the working principle of photovoltaic cells. Nowadays, people already know that light energy can come from both electric waves and particle streams. In fact, light has wave-particle duality.